# Template Alchemy: Mastering Variadic Packs with TypePack (Part 3 of 8)

In the previous part, we learned how to measure a `TypePack` and pick a single element. However, when building complex template libraries, we often need more than just one type; we need to extract entire chunks of data. Whether you are stripping away metadata or isolating a specific range of arguments, "slicing" is a critical skill.

In this article, we will implement `first_n_t`, `skip_n_t`, and the versatile `subpack_t`.

### Expanding the `TypePack` Interface

We add three new alias templates to our core `TypePack` structure. These act as the public API for our slicing operations.

```cpp
template <class... Ts>
struct TypePack : std::type_identity<TypePack<Ts...>> {
    static constexpr size_t size = sizeof...(Ts);

    // ... previous definitions ...

    template <size_t Size>
    using first_n_t = details::TypePackFirstN<Size, TypePack>::type;

    template <size_t Size>
    using skip_n_t = details::TypePackSkipN<Size, TypePack>::type;

    template <size_t Index, size_t Size>
    using subpack_t = details::TypePackSubPack<Index, Size, TypePack>::type;
};
```

### The Supporting Machinery

To implement these, we need helper utilities to rebuild packs. The most basic operations are inserting a type at the beginning or the end of an existing `TypePack`.

#### 1\. Internal Helpers: Insertion

```cpp
template <class T, class Pack>
struct TypePackInsertAtFirstPosition;

template <class T, class... Ts>
struct TypePackInsertAtFirstPosition<T, TypePack<Ts...>> 
    : std::type_identity<TypePack<T, Ts...>> {};
```

#### 2\. Taking the First N Types

To get the first N types, we use recursion. We "take" the head of the pack and prepend it to the result of taking N-1 types from the tail.

```cpp
template <size_t N, class Pack>
struct TypePackFirstN;

template <size_t N>
requires (N != 0)
struct TypePackFirstN<N, TypePack<>> {
    static_assert(AlwaysFalse<std::integral_constant<size_t, N>>, "N is out of range");
};

template <class...Ts>
struct TypePackFirstN<0, TypePack<Ts...>> : std::type_identity<TypePack<>> {
};

template <size_t N, class T, class...Ts>
requires (N != 0)
struct TypePackFirstN<N, TypePack<T, Ts...>> :
    TypePackInsertAtFirstPosition<T, typename TypePackFirstN<N - 1, TypePack<Ts...>>::type> {
};
```

#### 3\. Skipping N Types

Skipping is simpler than taking. We don't need to rebuild the pack; we simply discard the head until N reaches zero.

```cpp
template <size_t N, class Pack>
struct TypePackSkipN;

template <size_t N>
requires (N != 0)
struct TypePackSkipN<Size, TypePack<>> {
    static_assert(AlwaysFalse<std::integral_constant<size_t, N>>, "N is out of range");
};

template <class...Ts>
struct TypePackSkipN<0, TypePack<Ts...>> : std::type_identity<TypePack<Ts...>> {
};

template <size_t N, class T, class...Ts>
requires (N != 0)
struct TypePackSkipN<N, TypePack<T, Ts...>> : TypePackSkipN<N - 1, TypePack<Ts...>> {
};
```

#### 4\. The General Subpack (Slice)

The `subpack_t` operation is a beautiful example of composition. To get a range starting at `Index` with a specific `Size`, we first **skip** the prefix and then **take** the requested number of elements from the remainder.

```cpp
template <size_t Index, size_t Size, class Pack>
struct TypePackSubPack;

template <size_t Index, size_t Size, class...Ts>
requires (Index > sizeof...(Ts) || Size > sizeof...(Ts) || Index + Size > sizeof...(Ts))
struct TypePackSubPack<Index, Size, TypePack<Ts...>> {
    static_assert(Index <= sizeof...(Ts), "Index out of range");
    static_assert(Size <= sizeof...(Ts), "Size out of range");
    static_assert(Index + Size <= sizeof...(Ts), "Index + Size out of range");
};

template <size_t Index, size_t Size, class...Ts>
requires (Index <= sizeof...(Ts) && Size <= sizeof...(Ts) && Index + Size <= sizeof...(Ts))
struct TypePackSubPack<Index, Size, TypePack<Ts...>> :
    TypePackFirstN<Size, typename TypePackSkipN<Index, TypePack<Ts...>>::type> {
};
```

### Validation with `static_assert`

Our tests ensure that slicing works on empty packs, single-element packs, and larger collections.

```cpp
TEST(TypePackTests, FirstN0)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<0>, TypePack<>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, FirstN1)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<int>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<0>, TypePack<>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<1>, TypePack<int>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, FirstN)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<int, long, double, char>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<0>, TypePack<>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<1>, TypePack<int>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<2>, TypePack<int, long>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<3>, TypePack<int, long, double>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::first_n_t<4>, TypePack<int, long, double, char>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, SkipN0)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<0>, TypePack<>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, SkipN1)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<int>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<0>, TypePack<int>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<1>, TypePack<>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, SkipN)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<int, long, double, char>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<0>, TypePack<int, long, double, char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<1>, TypePack<long, double, char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<2>, TypePack<double, char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<3>, TypePack<char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::skip_n_t<4>, TypePack<>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, SubPack0)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 0>, TypePack<>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, SubPack1)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<int>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 0>, TypePack<>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 1>, TypePack<int>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<1, 0>, TypePack<>>);
}

TEST(TypePackTests, SubPack)
{
    using Pack = TypePack<int, long, double, char>;
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 0>, TypePack<>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 1>, TypePack<int>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<1, 1>, TypePack<long>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<2, 1>, TypePack<double>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<3, 1>, TypePack<char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 2>, TypePack<int, long>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<1, 2>, TypePack<long, double>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<2, 2>, TypePack<double, char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 3>, TypePack<int, long, double>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<1, 3>, TypePack<long, double, char>>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<Pack::subpack_t<0, 4>, TypePack<int, long, double, char>>);
}
```

### Conclusion

We have now transitioned from merely looking at types to actively reshaping our type containers. By combining recursion with basic "Head/Tail" manipulation, we created a powerful slicing engine that allows us to isolate any subset of types.

In the next part, we will explore how to grow our containers: inserting new elements into a pack and merging multiple packs into one.